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<a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/05/06/MapReduce论文阅读笔记/" itemprop="url">Google MapReduce 论文阅读笔记</a></h1>
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<h2 id="原论文"><a href="#原论文" class="headerlink" title="原论文"></a>原论文</h2><p>Dean, Jeffrey, and Sanjay Ghemawat. “MapReduce: simplified data processing on large clusters.” Communications of the ACM 51.1 (2008): 107-113.</p>
<h2 id="前言"><a href="#前言" class="headerlink" title="前言"></a>前言</h2><p>Google 三驾马车之一，MIT 6.824 first day 的 preparation task。</p>
<h2 id="Abstract"><a href="#Abstract" class="headerlink" title="Abstract"></a>Abstract</h2><blockquote>
<p>MapReduce is a programming model and an associated implementation for <strong>processing and generating large data sets.</strong> Users specify <strong>a map function that processes a key/value pair to generate a set of intermediate key/value pairs</strong>, and <strong>a reduce function that merges all intermediate values associated with the same intermediate key</strong>. </p>
</blockquote>
<p>MapReduce 通过 Map 函数对一个基于 k-v 对的数据集进行处理，生成对应的中间数据集，再通过 Reduce 函数对这些中间数据集中具有相同的 key 的 value 进行合并。</p>
<h2 id="关注点"><a href="#关注点" class="headerlink" title="关注点"></a>关注点</h2><blockquote>
<p>The run-time system takes care of the details of <strong>partitioning the input data</strong>, <strong>scheduling the program’s execution across a set of machines</strong>, <strong>handling machine failures</strong>, and <strong>managing the required inter-machine communication</strong>. </p>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li>如何分割输入数据。</li>
<li>分布式集群的调度。</li>
<li>机器的错误处理。</li>
<li>集群机器间的通信。</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="解决问题"><a href="#解决问题" class="headerlink" title="解决问题"></a>解决问题</h2><blockquote>
<p>The input data is usually large and the computations have to be distributed across hundreds or thousands of machines in order to finish in a reasonable amount of time. The issues of how to parallelize the computation, distribute the data, and handlefailures conspire to obscure the original simple computation with large amounts of complex code to deal with these issues.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>输入的数据量巨大，难以在单机下完成，如果想在可接受的时间内完成，需要将计算分给成百上千的机器上。</p>
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<h2 id="前言"><a href="#前言" class="headerlink" title="前言"></a>前言</h2><p>Java 中的 synchronized 有偏向锁、轻量级锁、重量级锁三种形式，分别对应了锁只被一个线程持有、不同线程交替持有锁、多线程竞争锁三种情况，锁会按偏向锁 -> 轻量级锁 -> 重量级锁的顺序升级。</p>
<h3 id="synchronized-代码块"><a href="#synchronized-代码块" class="headerlink" title="synchronized 代码块"></a>synchronized 代码块</h3><p>对于被 synchronized 关键字修饰的代码块而言，在编译成字节码时会生成对应的 <strong>monitorenter</strong> 和 <strong>monitorexit</strong> 指令分别对应synchronized 同步块的进入和退出。</p>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">syncBlock</span><span class="params">()</span></span>;</span><br><span class="line"> descriptor: ()V</span><br><span class="line"> flags: ACC_PUBLIC</span><br><span class="line"> Code:</span><br><span class="line"> stack=<span class="number">2</span>, locals=<span class="number">3</span>, args_size=<span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">1</span>: monitorenter <span class="comment">//进入synchronized方法</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">//...省略 </span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">10</span>: monitorexit <span class="comment">//退出synchronized方法</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">//...省略</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">20</span>: monitorexit <span class="comment">//退出synchronized方法</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">22</span>: <span class="keyword">return</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>有两个 monitorexit 指令的原因是为了保证抛出异常下也能释放锁，所以 javac 为同步代码块添加了一个隐式的 try-finally，在 finally 中会调用 monitorexit 命令释放锁。</p>
<h3 id="synchronized-方法"><a href="#synchronized-方法" class="headerlink" title="synchronized 方法"></a>synchronized 方法</h3><p>从以下字节码中可以看出，synchronized 方法并没有 monitorenter 和 monitorexit 指令，而是一个 <strong>ACC_SYNCHRONIZED</strong> 标识，该标识指明了该方法是一个同步方法，JVM通过该 ACC_SYNCHRONIZED 标识来辨别一个方法是否为同步方法，从而执行相应的获取锁操作。</p>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">synchronized</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">syncMethod</span><span class="params">()</span></span>;</span><br><span class="line"> descriptor: ()V</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// 方法标识ACC_PUBLIC代表public修饰，ACC_SYNCHRONIZED指明该方法为同步方法</span></span><br><span class="line"> flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_SYNCHRONIZED</span><br><span class="line"> Code:</span><br><span class="line"> stack=<span class="number">2</span>, locals=<span class="number">1</span>, args_size=<span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line"> 0: getstatic #2 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;</span><br><span class="line"> 3: ldc #5 // String hello method</span><br><span class="line"> 5: invokevirtual #4 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Ljava/lang/String;)V</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">8</span>: <span class="keyword">return</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>在 Java 6 之前，monitor 的实现完全是依靠操作系统内部的互斥锁 Mutex Lock，因为需要进行用户态到内核态的切换，所以同步操作是一个无差别的重量级操作，性能也很低。但在 Java 6 开始，提供了三种不同的 monitor 实现：<strong>偏向锁</strong>、<strong>轻量级锁</strong>和<strong>重量级锁</strong>，大大改进了其性能。</p>
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<h3 id="1-打包为-jar-包"><a href="#1-打包为-jar-包" class="headerlink" title="1. 打包为 jar 包"></a>1. 打包为 jar 包</h3><figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">mvn -DskipTests=true clean package</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="2-编写-Dockerfile"><a href="#2-编写-Dockerfile" class="headerlink" title="2. 编写 Dockerfile"></a>2. 编写 Dockerfile</h3><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">FROM java:8</span><br><span class="line">VOLUME /tmp</span><br><span class="line">ADD airnet-api-service-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar app.jar</span><br><span class="line">EXPOSE 8085</span><br><span class="line">ENV JAVA_OPTS="\</span><br><span class="line">-server \</span><br><span class="line"># 初始堆内存大小</span><br><span class="line">-Xms128m \</span><br><span class="line"># 堆内存最大值</span><br><span class="line">-Xmx256m \</span><br><span class="line"># 年轻代大小</span><br><span class="line">-Xmn64m \</span><br><span class="line"># 年轻的和老年代的内存比例为 1:4</span><br><span class="line">-XX:NewRatio=4 \</span><br><span class="line"># 新生代 Eden 和 Survivor 比例为 8:2</span><br><span class="line">-XX:SurvivorRatio=8 \</span><br><span class="line"># 打印GC详细信息</span><br><span class="line">-XX:+PrintGCDetails"</span><br><span class="line">ENTRYPOINT java ${JAVA_OPTS} -jar /app.jar</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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