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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<!-- Meta tags for social media banners, these should be filled in appropriatly as they are your "business card" -->
<!-- Replace the content tag with appropriate information -->
<meta name="description"
content="AI Agents for Computer Use: A Review of Instruction-based Computer Control, GUI Automation, and Operator Assistants">
<meta property="og:title" content="AI Agents for Computer Use"/>
<meta property="og:description"
content="AI Agents for Computer Use: A Review of Instruction-based Computer Control, GUI Automation, and Operator Assistants"/>
<meta property="og:url" content="https://sagerpascal.github.io/computer-control-agents"/>
<!-- Path to banner image, should be in the path listed below. Optimal dimenssions are 1200X630-->
<meta property="og:image" content="static/image/cca_banner.png"/>
<meta property="og:image:width" content="5760"/>
<meta property="og:image:height" content="1970"/>
<!-- Keywords for your paper to be indexed by-->
<meta name="keywords" content="AI agents, computer use, mobile control, GUI automation, LLM, VLM">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<title>Computer Control Agents</title>
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justify-content: center; /* Centers items horizontally */
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gap: 20px; /* Optional: Adds space between items */
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.results-carousel .item {
display: flex;
flex-direction: column; /* Ensures title and iframe stack properly */
align-items: center; /* Centers content inside each item */
text-align: center;
}
</style>
<body>
<section class="hero">
<div class="hero-body">
<div class="container is-max-desktop">
<div class="columns is-centered">
<div class="column has-text-centered">
<h1 class="title is-1 publication-title">AI Agents for Computer Use: A Review of Instruction-based
Computer Control, GUI Automation, and Operator Assistants</h1>
<div class="is-size-5 publication-authors">
<!-- Paper authors -->
<span class="author-block">
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/pascal-sager-3b7403168/"
target="_blank">Pascal J. Sager</a><sup>*</sup>,</span>
<span class="author-block">
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/benjamin-meyer-b87077151/"
target="_blank">Benjamin Meyer</a><sup>*</sup>,</span>
<span class="author-block">
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/peng520/" target="_blank">Peng Yan</a>,
</span>
<span class="author-block">
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/rebekka-von-wartburg-kottler-3b807b298/" target="_blank">Rebekka von Wartburg-Kottler</a>,
</span>
<span class="author-block">
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/layan-etaiwi/" target="_blank">Layan Etaiwi</a>,
</span>
<span class="author-block">
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/aref-enayati-a2bab51a6/" target="_blank">Aref Enayati</a>,
</span>
<span class="author-block">
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/gabriel-nobel-aa3672187/" target="_blank">Gabriel Nobel</a>,
</span>
<span class="author-block">
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/ahmed-abdulkadir-2431b814/"
target="_blank">Ahmed Abdulkadir</a>,
</span>
<span class="author-block">
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/benjamingrewe/" target="_blank">Benjamin F. Grewe</a>,
</span>
<span class="author-block">
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/thilo-stadelmann/" target="_blank">Thilo Stadelmann</a>
</span>
</div>
<div class="is-size-5 publication-authors">
<span class="author-block">Zurich University of Applied Sciences | University of Zurich | ETH Zurich<br>ArXiv 2025</span>
<span class="eql-cntrb"><small><br><sup>*</sup>Indicates Equal Contribution</small></span>
</div>
<div class="column has-text-centered">
<div class="publication-links">
<!-- Arxiv PDF link -->
<span class="link-block">
<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2501.16150" target="_blank"
class="external-link button is-normal is-rounded is-dark">
<span class="icon">
<i class="fas fa-file-pdf"></i>
</span>
<span>Paper</span>
</a>
</span>
<!-- Github link -->
<span class="link-block">
<a href="https://github.com/sagerpascal/computer-control-agents" target="_blank"
class="external-link button is-normal is-rounded is-dark">
<span class="icon">
<i class="fab fa-github"></i>
</span>
<span>Code</span>
</a>
</span>
<!-- ArXiv abstract Link -->
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<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.16150" target="_blank"
class="external-link button is-normal is-rounded is-dark">
<span class="icon">
<i class="ai ai-arxiv"></i>
</span>
<span>arXiv</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<!-- Teaser video-->
<section class="hero teaser">
<div class="container is-max-desktop">
<div class="hero-body">
<img src="static/images/main.png" alt="Overview">
<h2 class="subtitle has-text-centered">
<b>(a)</b> An example task for an instruction-based computer control agent: A user specifies a task
(propose meeting dates), and the agent executes it. <b>(b)</b> We structure the literature on CCAs
according to three perspectives corresponding to the main differentiating aspects: (1) The shared
environment properties across computer domains (e.g., the Web, Android). (2) The means of interaction
between the agent and the environment as manifested in the observation and action spaces. (3) The agent
components: how an agent acts through a policy while tracking the past in memory and how an agent learns
to act.
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<!-- End teaser video -->
<!-- Paper abstract -->
<section class="section hero is-light">
<div class="container is-max-desktop">
<div class="columns is-centered has-text-centered">
<div class="column is-four-fifths">
<h2 class="title is-3">Abstract</h2>
<div class="content has-text-justified">
<p>
Instruction-based computer control agents (CCAs) execute complex action sequences on personal
computers or mobile devices to fulfill tasks using the same graphical user interfaces as a human
user would, provided instructions in natural language. This review offers a comprehensive
overview of the emerging field of instruction-based computer control, examining available agents
-- their taxonomy, development, and respective resources -- and emphasizing the shift from
manually designed, specialized agents to leveraging foundation models such as large language
models (LLMs) and vision-language models (VLMs). We formalize the problem and establish a
taxonomy of the field to analyze agents from three perspectives: (a) the environment
perspective, analyzing computer environments; (b) the interaction perspective, describing
observations spaces (e.g., screenshots, HTML) and action spaces (e.g., mouse and keyboard
actions, executable code); and (c) the agent perspective, focusing on the core principle of how
an agent acts and learns to act. Our framework encompasses both specialized and foundation
agents, facilitating their comparative analysis and revealing how prior solutions in specialized
agents, such as an environment learning step, can guide the development of more capable
foundation agents. Additionally, we review current CCA datasets and CCA evaluation methods and
outline the challenges to deploying such agents in a productive setting. In total, we review and
classify 86 CCAs and 33 related datasets. By highlighting trends, limitations, and future
research directions, this work presents a comprehensive foundation to obtain a broad
understanding of the field and push its future development.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<!-- End paper abstract -->
<!-- Image carousel -->
<section class="hero is-small">
<div class="hero-body">
<div class="container">
<div id="results-carousel" class="carousel results-carousel">
<div class="item is-align-self-center">
<!-- Your image here -->
<iframe src="static/plots/domain_dist.html" class="carousel-plots-frame"></iframe>
<h2 class="subtitle has-text-centered">
Agent distribution per application domain.
</h2>
</div>
<div class="item is-align-self-center">
<!-- Your image here -->
<iframe src="static/plots/observation_space_dist.html" class="carousel-plots-frame"></iframe>
<h2 class="subtitle has-text-centered">
Agent distribution per observation space.
</h2>
</div>
<div class="item is-align-self-center">
<!-- Your image here -->
<iframe src="static/plots/observation_space_trend.html" class="carousel-plots-frame"></iframe>
<h2 class="subtitle has-text-centered">
Trends of different observation spaces.
</h2>
</div>
<div class="item is-align-self-center">
<!-- Your image here -->
<iframe src="static/plots/action_space_dist.html" class="carousel-plots-frame"></iframe>
<h2 class="subtitle has-text-centered">
Agent distribution per action space.
</h2>
</div>
<div class="item is-align-self-center">
<!-- Your image here -->
<iframe src="static/plots/environment_adaption_dist.html" class="carousel-plots-frame"></iframe>
<h2 class="subtitle has-text-centered">
Agent distribution per environment learning strategy.
</h2>
</div>
<div class="item is-align-self-center">
<!-- Your image here -->
<iframe src="static/plots/environment_adaption_trend.html" class="carousel-plots-frame"></iframe>
<h2 class="subtitle has-text-centered">
Trends of environment learning strategies.
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<!-- End image carousel -->
<section class="hero is-small">
<div class="hero-body">
<div class="container is-align-content-center">
<!-- Paper video. -->
<h2 class="title is-3">Sankey Diagram</h2>
<iframe src="static/plots/doa_sankey.html" class="sankey-frame"></iframe>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section class="hero is-small is-light">
<div class="hero-body">
<div class="container">
<!-- Paper video. -->
<h2 class="title is-3">Agent Overview</h2>
<a href="static/files/agents.csv" download="agents.csv" class="button m-2">Download CSV</a>
<div class="columns is-centered has-text-centered">
<div class="column is-full">
<iframe
style="width: 100%; height: 500px; border: none;"
src="static/tables/agents.html"></iframe>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section class="hero is-small is-light">
<div class="hero-body">
<div class="container">
<!-- Paper video. -->
<h2 class="title is-3">Datasets Overview</h2>
<a href="static/files/datasets.csv" download="datasets.csv" class="button m-2">Download CSV</a>
<div class="columns is-centered has-text-centered">
<div class="column is-full">
<iframe
style="width: 100%; height: 500px; border: none;"
src="static/tables/datasets.html"></iframe>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<!--BibTex citation -->
<section class="section" id="BibTeX">
<div class="container is-max-desktop content">
<h2 class="title">BibTeX</h2>
<pre><code>@misc{sager_cca_2025,
title={AI Agents for Computer Use: A Review of Instruction-based Computer Control, GUI Automation, and Operator Assistants},
author={Pascal J. Sager and Benjamin Meyer and Peng Yan and Rebekka von Wartburg-Kottler and Layan Etaiwi and Aref Enayati and Gabriel Nobel and Ahmed Abdulkadir and Benjamin F. Grewe and Thilo Stadelmann},
year={2025},
eprint={2501.16150},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.AI},
url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.16150},
}</code></pre>
</div>
</section>
<!--End BibTex citation -->
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